Biology Cells, Cell Definition, Discovery of Cells, Characteristics of Cells, Types of Cells.
Living organisms exist from the basic biological unit known as “biology cell” which serves both as their foundation and their operational core. Metabolism and energy production together with genetic information transmission are essential cellular processes. Investigating the discovery of cells along with their traits and categories leads to a better understanding of biological structures together with their operational principles.
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke developed the notion of the biological cell through his 1665 examination of cork cells under basic microscope technology. His studies created essential elements that became fundamental for building cell biology. Through improved microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek found tiny microscopic organisms to demonstrate the wide diversity of living cells. Research findings from Schleiden and Schwann resulted in the cell theory which standardized that all living things have cellular composition and cells generated from previous cells as Virchow later strengthened.
Characteristics of Cells
Functional cellular efficiency depends on various fundamental characteristics of cells. A cell consists of three parts: material exchange regulation by plasma membranes alongside metabolic processes occurring in the cytoplasm and cellular controls from DNA or RNA genetic material. The nucleus together with mitochondria and ribosomes exist in eukaryotic cells yet prokaryotic cells which include bacteria do not contain a true nucleus and membrane-surrounded organelles.
Types of Cells
There exist two primary cell types namely prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Every prokaryotic cell both in bacteria and archaea exists without a membrane-bound nucleus and maintains a simple cellular design. The outer part of prokaryotic cells consists of peptidoglycan which creates their rigid structure. The eukaryotic cell designs of plants and fungi also feature animals and protists by containing membrane-bound organelles which include mitochondria in addition to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
- Nucleus: The control center of the cell, housing genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER aids in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER helps in lipid metabolism.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials.
- Cytoplasm: The site for various metabolic processes.
Importance of Biology Cell in Organisms
The fundamental maintaining of life depends on cellular processes. Through contraction, muscle cells allow body movements while nerve cells manage signal transmission by electrical impulses and photosynthesizing chlorenchyma cells generate plant energy. The structural integrity of organisms depends on two kinds of specialized plant cells named parenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Conclusion
Biology cell stands as the basis for every existing living organism including single-celled bacteria and organisms made up of multiple cellular types. The knowledge of biological cell structure and functionality together with their different forms remains key to understanding important biological concepts that medical science and genetics along with biotechnology depend on. Students who want extensive biology resources along with MCQs should access Nokryan.com to improve their exam preparation.
Sample Test MCQ’s On Biology Cells
1. Prokaryotic cell wall is formed of ?
- All of abovecorrect
- Peptidoglycan
- Polysaccharide plus shorterr chains of amino acids
- Murein
2. Contraction and relaxation are the characteristics of ?
- Muscle cellscorrect
- Nerve cells
- Tendons
- Gland cells
3. The photosynthetic cells of green plants are also called ?
- Chlorenchymatous cellscorrect
- Meristematic cells
- Sclerenchymatous cells
- Parenchymatous cells
4. The rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of ?
- Glycolipids
- Proteinscorrect
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
5. The free floating cell organelles move about in cytoplasm due to cytoplasmic ?
- Wavy movement
- Streaming movementcorrect
- To and fro movement
- Oceanic movement
6. Detoxification of harmful drugs is the function ?
- BOTH RER AND SER
- Mitochondria
- SERcorrect
- RER
7. The cell nucleus was discovered by ?
- Robert Browncorrect
- Robert Hooke
- Schwann
- Virchow
8. Prokaryotic cell wall lacks ?
- Cellulose
- All of thesecorrect
- Lignin
- Hemicellulose
9. Fungal cell wall is made up of ?
- Cutin
- Cellulose
- Pectin
- Chitincorrect
10. The surplus food is stored in ?
- Parenchymatous cellscorrect
- Chlorenchymatous cells
- Photosynthetic cells
- Meristemetic cells
11. All the living content of a eukaryote cell is called ?
- Nucleoplasm
- Protoplasmcorrect
- Cytosol
- Cytoplasm
12. Growth and development of plant is the function of ?
- Meristematic cellscorrect
- Chlorenchymatous
- Parenchymatous cells
- Sclerenchymatous cells
13. SER also helps in metabolism of a number of different types of molecules, particularly ?
- None of these
- Proteins
- Lipidscorrect
- Carbohydrates
14. Cellulose molecules are arranged in a ?
- Criss-cross arrangementcorrect
- Peculiar arrangement
- Straight fibres arrangement
- Random arrangement
15. The cell theory was formulated by ?
- Pasteur and Schwann
- Schleiden and Weismann
- Schleiden and Schwanncorrect
- Schleiden and Shan
16. The intake of materials by the animal cells by forming vacuoles is called ?
- Mitosis
- Pinocytosis
- Endocytosiscorrect
- Phagocytes
17. The biggest cell in the world is the egg of ?
- Ostrichcorrect
- Kiwi
- Elephant
- Turtle
18. Palade was the first person to study the ?
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes
- Polysomes
- Ribosomescorrect
19. Ribosomes are chemically composed of ?
- RNA and proteincorrect
- Ribonucleoprotein
- Ribonucleoprotein, RNA and Protein
- Only protein
20. In electron microscope the resolution of microscope ranges between ?
- 1-4 Angstrom
- 2-6 Angstrom
- 2-4 Angstromcorrect
- 3-6 Angstrom
21. 60-80% of the chemical component of the cell membrane is the ?
- Carbohydrate
- Nucleic acid
- Proteincorrect
- Lipid
22. Cytoplasm is a site for certain metabolic processes such as ?
- Glyoxylate cyclecorrect
- Calvin cycle
- Kreb’s cycle
- Glyoxylate cycle
23. The cell was discovered by ?
- Robert Hookecorrect
- Lamarck
- Lorenz Oken
- Robert Brown
24. Omnis cellula-e-cellula was hypothesized by ?
- Rudolph Virchowcorrect
- Louis Pasteur
- Schleiden
- Lorenz Oken
25. The primary cell wall is composed of cellulose and some deposition of pectin and ?
- Silica
- Hemicellulosecorrect
- Chitin
- Lignin